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Mapped: The Age of Energy Projects in Interconnection Queues, by State

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The following content is sponsored by the National Public Utilities Council

A state-level U.S. map showing the number and average age of energy projects in interconnection queues as of December 31, 2023, highlighting that Texas has the most projects in queue, whereas Vermont has the longest wait time.

U.S. Energy Projects in Interconnection Queues, by State

By the end of 2023, more than 11,000 energy projects were in interconnection queues in the United States, waiting for a green-light from regional grid operators to proceed with construction. 

This map, sponsored by the National Public Utilities Council, maps out the average age of active energy projects in interconnection queues by state, using data from Berkeley Lab

Interconnection Queues, Explained

Interconnection queues are lists of energy projects that have made interconnection requests to their regional grid operators. Once submitted, these requests formally initiate the impact study process that each project goes through before grid connection, forming waiting lists for approval known as interconnection queues. 

In recent years, both the number and generation capacity of queued projects have surged in the United States, along with the length of time spent in queue. 

According to Berkeley Lab, the amount of generation capacity entering queues each year has risen by more than 550% from 2015 to 2023, with average queue duration rising from 3 years to 5 years the same period.  

As a result of the growing backlog, a large proportion of projects ultimately withdraw from queues, leading to only 19% of applications reaching commercial operations. 

The Backlog: Number of Projects and Average Wait Times

Of the 11,000 active projects in U.S. queues at the end of 2023, Texas, California, and Virginia had the most in queue; 1,208, 947, and 743, respectively. 

When looking at the average ages of these projects, all three states hovered around the national average of 34 months (2.83 years), with Texas sporting 28 months, California 33, and Virginia 34. 

Vermont, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Florida, on the other hand, had the highest average queue durations; 54, 49, 47, and 46 months, respectively. 

Average Queue Duration by Project Type

At the end of 2023, more than 95% of the generation capacity in active interconnection queues was for emission-free resources. The table below provides a breakdown. 

Project TypeAverage Queue Duration
(As of 12/31/2023)
Number of Projects in Queue
Wind40 months841
Solar34 months4,506
Wind+Battery34 months76
Solar+Battery27 months2,377
Battery24 months2,818

Wind projects had the highest wait times at the end of 2023 with an average age of 40 months (3.33 years). Solar projects, on the other hand, made up more than 40% of projects in queue. 

Overall, reducing the time that these renewable energy projects spend in queues can accelerate the transition to a low-carbon energy future. 

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, enhancing data transparency, streamlining approval processes, promoting economic efficiency, and maintaining a reliable grid are some of the ways this growing backlog can be mitigated. 

Learn how the National Public Utilities Council is working toward the future of sustainable electricity.

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Energy Shift

Ranked: Energy Transition Scores by Country in 2024

This bar chart shows the countries’ highest and lowest energy transition index scores determined by the World Economic Forum.

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A bar chart showing the highest and lowest energy transition index scores of all countries determined by the World Economic Forum.

Ranked: Energy Transition Scores by Country in 2024

The World Economic Forum (WEF) recently unveiled their 2024 Energy Transition Report, which assesses 120 countries around the world on their decarbonization efforts and ranks them on their Energy Transition Index (ETI).

This visualization, created in partnership with the National Public Utilities Council, shows the top 10 and bottom 10 countries based on their ETI scores.

How Does the ETI Work?

The ETI is a weighted average of two sub-indexes, system performance (60%) and transition readiness (40%), that rates countries on 46 indicators, including regulation and political engagement, innovation, and infrastructure.

Since the launch of the ETI in 2015, the global average increased from 53.4 to 56.8. However, momentum has slowed recently, and is down 0.3 points since 2022, due to the consequences of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and surging inflation interest rates.

The Rankings

The highest energy transition scores come from advanced economies and the top three are Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. The lowest scores, however, come from sub-Saharan Africa.

RankCountryETI Score
1🇸🇪Sweden78.4
2🇩🇰Denmark75.2
3🇫🇮Finland74.5
4🇨🇭Switzerland73.4
5🇫🇷France71.1
6🇳🇴Norway69.9
7🇮🇸Iceland68
8🇦🇹Austria67.9
9🇪🇪Estonia67.8
10🇳🇱Netherlands66.7
11🇩🇪Germany66.5
12🇧🇷Brazil65.7
13🇬🇧United Kingdom65.6
14🇵🇹Portugal65.4
15🇱🇻Latvia65.2
16🇪🇸Spain64.3
17🇨🇳China64.1
18🇱🇺Luxembourg64.1
19🇺🇸United States64
20🇨🇱Chile63.9
21🇮🇱Israel63.8
22🇦🇺Australia63.7
23🇰🇷South Korea63.5
24🇱🇹Lithuania63.2
25🇳🇿New Zealand62.8
26🇯🇵Japan62.4
27🇨🇦Canada62.4
28🇭🇺Hungary62.1
29🇸🇮Slovenia61.9
30🇨🇷Costa Rica61.3
31🇵🇱Poland61.3
32🇻🇳Vietnam61
33🇺🇾Uruguay60.8
34🇧🇪Belgium60.8
35🇨🇴Colombia60.7
36🇧🇬Bulgaria60.6
37🇬🇷Greece60.5
38🇦🇿Azerbaijan60.3
39🇭🇷Croatia60.1
40🇲🇾Malaysia60.1
41🇮🇹Italy59.7
42🇵🇾Paraguay59.6
43🇦🇱Albania59.4
44🇨🇿Czechia59.2
45🇮🇪Ireland58.7
46🇸🇻El Salvador58.4
47🇵🇪Peru58.3
48🇷🇴Romania58.3
49🇸🇰Slovakia57.5
50🇶🇦Qatar57.3
51🇵🇦Panama57.1
52🇦🇪United Arab Emirates57
53🇲🇺Mauritius56.8
54🇮🇩Indonesia56.7
55🇨🇾Cyprus56.6
56🇬🇪Georgia56.3
57🇲🇽Mexico56.3
58🇸🇦Saudi Arabia55.9
59🇹🇷Türkiye55.8
60🇹🇭Thailand55.8
61🇲🇹Malta55.6
62🇴🇲Oman55.5
63🇮🇳India55.3
64🇸🇬Singapore55
65🇲🇦Morocco54.9
66🇧🇴Bolivia54.8
67🇲🇪Montenegro54.6
68🇳🇦Namibia54.5
69🇱🇰Sri Lanka54.2
70🇰🇪Kenya53.6
71🇹🇯Tajikistan53.6
72🇱🇦Laos53.5
73🇯🇴Jordan53.5
74🇪🇨Ecuador53.2
75🇪🇬Egypt53
76🇺🇦Ukraine52.9
77🇰🇭Cambodia52.9
78🇷🇸Serbia52.9
79🇦🇲Armenia52.7
80🇰🇬Kyrgyzstan52.7
81🇲🇰North Macedonia52.6
82🇦🇷Argentina52.6
83🇬🇦Gabon52.5
84🇿🇦South Africa52.4
85🇱🇧Lebanon52
86🇦🇴Angola52
87🇪🇹Ethiopia51.7
88🇧🇦Bosnia and Herzegovina51.5
89🇹🇳Tunisia51.3
90🇨🇮Côte d'Ivoire51.2
91🇩🇿Algeria50.9
92🇬🇭Ghana50.9
93🇿🇲Zambia50.9
94🇬🇹Guatemala50.8
95🇻🇪Venezuela50.4
96🇧🇳Brunei50.3
97🇩🇴Dominican Republic50.1
98🇰🇿Kazakhstan50.1
99🇹🇹Trinidad and Tobago49.7
100🇳🇵Nepal49.6
101🇨🇲Cameroon49.2
102🇮🇷Iran49
103🇧🇭Bahrain48.8
104🇰🇼Kuwait48.6
105🇵🇭Philippines48.4
106🇭🇳Honduras48.3
107🇲🇩Moldova48.1
108🇳🇬Nigeria46.9
109🇧🇩Bangladesh46.8
110🇯🇲Jamaica46.6
111🇸🇳Senegal46.6
112🇿🇼Zimbabwe46.3
113🇵🇰Pakistan46.2
114🇳🇮Nicaragua46
115🇧🇼Botswana45.6
116🇲🇳Mongolia45.4
117🇲🇿Mozambique45.3
118🇹🇿Tanzania44.3
119🇾🇪Yemen43.8
120🇨🇩DRC42

However, even though sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest regional average score, individual countries are making significant progress. For example, Zimbabwe’s score has increased 33% since 2015, thanks to the increase in their hydropower capacity.

On the other hand, the ETIs of some advanced economies are declining, such as Norway, whose score decreased by 0.4 points over the past nine years. This decrease is due to rising electricity prices and a decline in renewable capacity buildout.

The Largest Economies and the Future

The world’s largest economy, the United States, has remained at 64.0 over the past year. China, however, has moved ahead to 64.1 from 2023 to 2024, thanks to significant growth in areas like batteries, EVs, and high-voltage transmission. The country also allocates the largest share of its GDP to investments in renewables, at 9%.

All countries must dramatically increase their ETI scores to prevent global warming above 1.5 degrees Celsius. While many countries, such as Norway, are stagnating in their progress, others, such as Zimbabwe, exceed expectations for their wealth, signaling the possibility for all countries to meet their climate targets.

Learn how the National Public Utilities Council is working toward the future of sustainable electricity.

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Energy Shift

All Commercially Available Long Duration Energy Storage Technologies, in One Chart

In this chart, we break down the parameters of LDES technologies that have commercial or pre-commercial readiness.

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The preview image for a data table showing commercially available long duration energy storage technologies and their parameters, using data from LDES Council.

All Commercially Available Long Duration Energy Storage Technologies, in One Chart

Long duration energy storage (LDES) technologies can store electricity for 10+ hours, complementing intermittent renewables, boosting grid resiliency, and reducing fossil fuel dependency. 

Created in partnership with the National Public Utilities Council, this chart lists the characteristics of LDES technologies that have commercial or pre-commercial readiness, using data from the LDES Council’s Net-Zero Power report and 2023 deployment update

The Four Primary Types of LDES

Before getting into the details, let’s cover the four primary types of LDES. 

  1. Mechanical: Stores potential energy (by tension or position) 
  2. Thermal: Stores energy as heat
  3. Chemical: Stores energy found within chemical bonds
  4. Electrochemical (batteries): Stores energy of chemical reactions, where electrical energy is converted to chemical energy and vice versa 

Currently, mechanical storage systems are the most common around the world. Aboveground pumped hydropower, for instance, currently accounts for 96% of all utility-scale energy storage in the United States. 

How Do LDES Technologies Measure Up?

Below, we list the storage capacity, storage duration, and average round-trip efficiency (RTE) of LDES technologies that have commercial or pre-commercial readiness on a global scale. 

For context, RTE measures the effectiveness of a storage system by measuring the ratio of energy output to energy input during a full charge-discharge cycle. Or briefly, the higher the RTE, the lower the losses and therefore higher the efficiency. 

Form of Energy StorageLDES TechnologyStorage Capacity (MW)Nominal Duration (Hours)Average Round-Trip Efficiency
MechanicalUnderground pumped hydro10–100 0–1550–80%
MechanicalLiquid air50–100 10–2540–70%
MechanicalAboveground pumped hydro200–400 0–1570–80%
MechanicalLiquid CO210–500 4–2470–80%
MechanicalCompressed air200–500 6–2440–70%
MechanicalGravity-based20–1,000 0–1570–90%
ThermalSensible heat10–500 200 55–90%
ChemicalPower-to-gas-to-power10–100500–1,00040–70%
ElectrochemicalAqueous electrolyte flow battery10–10025–10050–80%
ElectrochemicalMetal anode battery10–10050–20040–70%
ElectrochemicalHybrid flow battery (with liquid electrolyte and metal anode)>100 8–5055–75%

The table above shows that a mechanical, gravity-based LDES system can provide the highest storage capacity while presenting an impressive 70–90% average RTE. 

On the other hand, a chemical power-to-gas-to-power system, which typically converts electricity to hydrogen gas and back to electricity, provides the highest storage duration of up to 1,000 hours. 

With that said, there are different storage needs and siting considerations across electrical grids. Given the diverse range of options available, suitable solutions can be found to complement renewables and aid decarbonization. 

Learn how the National Public Utilities Council is working toward the future of sustainable electricity.

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