Energy Shift
Animated: 70 Years of U.S. Electricity Generation by Source
The following content is sponsored by the National Public Utilities Council
Animated: 70 Years of U.S. Electricity Generation by Source
Electricity generation in the U.S. has grown exponentially since 1950, going from 2.96 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 1949 to 4.11 trillion kWh in 2021.
With the growth in electricity generation, the U.S. electricity mix has also evolved, especially as clean electricity sources such as nuclear, wind, and solar power grew in use.
In the animated chart by the National Public Utilities Council above, we explore the past 70 years of U.S. electricity generation, following along with the country’s dynamic electricity mix over the decades.
Trends in U.S. Power Generation Since 1950
The U.S. generated 1,200% more electricity in 2021 compared to 1950.
Here’s how the share of each source in the electricity mix changed over that period.
Year | Coal | Natural Gas | Solar | Wind | Hydro | Nuclear | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | 46% | 13% | 0% | 0% | 30% | 0% | 10% |
2021 | 22% | 38% | 3% | 9% | 6% | 19% | 3% |
While coal and hydropower led as the largest sources of electricity in the 1950s, the growth in U.S. electricity demand is met primarily by natural gas today, followed by coal, nuclear, and wind power.
Despite coal’s heavy share in the U.S. electricity mix since 1949, its use has declined in recent years, peaking in 2007 in terms of total electricity generated.
With the low cost of natural gas and the advancement of decarbonization efforts, 80+ coal plants have retired or are set to retire in the next three decades in the United States. Despite this, coal remains the largest contributor to power sector emissions, accounting for 58% in 2021.
Besides the rise and fall of coal use, the animation highlights other interesting trends in the country’s power generation over the last 70 years, including:
- Nuclear energy slowly starts contributing to the electricity mix in 1957 as the Shippingport Atomic Power Station comes on in Pennsylvania. By 2020, nuclear power accounts for nearly 20% of total electricity generation.
- Solar and wind power start contributing to the mix in 1983-84, with wind accelerating faster than solar power to account for 1% of total electricity generated by 2008 and 9% by 2021.
- Electricity sourced from natural gas surpasses that from coal in 2016 and continues to absorb most of the decline in coal use through the present day.
- Hydropower’s share in the electricity mix remains stable since 2000, making up 5 to 6% of total electricity generated each year.
The Road to Net-zero
While the decline in coal use for electricity aids in lowering emissions, the U.S. power sector has a long way to go in decarbonizing. In 2021, the use of fossil fuels for power generation contributed 1,537 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions in the country.
Therefore, accelerating the deployment of carbon-free energy sources is critical for the road to a decarbonized power sector.
The chart below shows how U.S. electricity generation needs to change to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.
In the net-zero scenario, Energy Innovation’s policy simulator counts on a complete phase-out of coal-fired electricity by 2034, along with a 36-fold increase in solar power generation and a 10-fold increase in wind power generation by 2050 (compared to 2020 levels.)
The rapid transition from fossil fuels to clean-energy sources, coupled with adequate transmission expansion and investment in battery storage, is integral for a carbon-free power sector. With prompt action, the next 30 years of U.S. electricity generation has the power to look a lot like the projected graph above, giving way to lower emissions for all other sectors that use electricity.
Energy Shift
Road to Decarbonization: U.S. Coal Plant Closures
This infographic highlights announced coal plant closures in the U.S. and how much power will be affected.

Road to Decarbonization: U.S. Coal Plant Closures
This was originally posted on August 17, 2021, on Visual Capitalist.
As the push to decarbonize starts to kick into gear in the U.S., how do coal plant closures factor into the equation?
With a target of net-zero emissions by 2050, the U.S. is examining all aspects of its economy to see where action is needed. In the automotive industry, for example, the Biden administration is aiming for half of new vehicles to be electric by 2030, following in the footsteps of automakers that have made similar commitments.
But in the power sector that supplies electricity for much of the country, fossil fuels continue to be large emission sources. Coal, which accounted for just 19% of electricity generated in the U.S. in 2020, created 54% of the power sector’s emissions.
That’s leading to U.S. utilities feeling the pressure to retire coal plants and look for alternatives. This infographic from the National Public Utilities Council visualizes the coal plant closures that have been announced, and how much power will be affected as a result.
Where Are U.S. Coal Plant Closures Happening?
Accurately tracking coal plant closures currently means turning to non-profits and parsing through company reports. To assemble this list, we leveraged the Global Energy Monitor and Carbon Brief and cross-referenced against company sustainability reports and news releases.
The result? 80 coal plants with a total capacity of 98.3 GW publicly scheduled for full retirement over the next three decades.
Plant | State | Retirement Date | Capacity (MW) |
---|---|---|---|
Burlington | IA | 2021 | 212 |
Dolet Hills | LA | 2021 | 721 |
AES Hawaii | HI | 2022 | 204 |
Coal Creek | ND | 2022 | 1,210 |
E.D. Edwards | IL | 2022 | 645 |
Edgewater | WI | 2022 | 414 |
Fayette* (announced not confirmed) | TX | 2022 | 1,690 |
Heskett | ND | 2022 | 115 |
Joppa | IL | 2022 | 1,100 |
Meramec | MO | 2022 | 924 |
San Juan | NM | 2022 | 924 |
St. Clair | MI | 2022 | 1,210 |
Taconite Harbor | MN | 2022 | 168 |
Trenton Channel | MI | 2022 | 536 |
A.B. Brown | IN | 2023 | 530 |
Big Bend | FL | 2023 | 1,824 |
Bull Run | TN | 2023 | 950 |
Chesterfield | VA | 2023 | 1,053 |
Karn | MI | 2023 | 516 |
Lawrence | KS | 2023 | 517 |
Martin Drake | CO | 2023 | 207 |
Merom | IN | 2023 | 1,080 |
North Omaha | NE | 2023 | 354 |
North Valmy | NV | 2023 | 567 |
Schahfer | IN | 2023 | 1,944 |
Columbia | WI | 2024 | 1,112 |
G.G. Allen | NC | 2024 | 1,155 |
South Oak Creek | WI | 2024 | 1,240 |
Baldwin | IL | 2025 | 1,260 |
Brunner Island | PA | 2025 | 1,558 |
Centralia | WA | 2025 | 1,460 |
Cholla | AZ | 2025 | 840 |
Clover | VA | 2025 | 848 |
Herbert Wagner | MD | 2025 | 495 |
Intermountain | UT | 2025 | 1,640 |
Nauhgton | WY | 2025 | 448 |
Prairie Creek | IA | 2025 | 50 |
Northeastern | OK | 2026 | 473 |
AES Puerto Rico | PR | 2027 | 510 |
Colstrip | MT | 2027 | 2,272 |
Kincaid | IL | 2027 | 1,319 |
Miami Fort | OH | 2027 | 1,115 |
Morgantown | MD | 2027 | 1,252 |
Newton | IL | 2027 | 1,235 |
Victor J. Daniel | MS | 2027 | 1,097 |
Winyah | SC | 2027 | 1,260 |
Zimmer | OH | 2027 | 1,426 |
Allen S. King | MN | 2028 | 598 |
Cayuga | IN | 2028 | 1,062 |
Craig | CO | 2028 | 1,427 |
Hayden | CO | 2028 | 466 |
Michigan City | IN | 2028 | 540 |
Pawnee | CO | 2028 | 552 |
Rockport | IN | 2028 | 2,600 |
Sioux | MO | 2028 | 1,099 |
White Bluff | AR | 2028 | 1,800 |
Belle River | MI | 2030 | 1,396 |
Bonanza | UT | 2030 | 500 |
Independence | AR | 2030 | 1,800 |
Ray Nixon | CO | 2030 | 207 |
Sherburne County | MN | 2030 | 2,469 |
Four Corners | NM | 2031 | 1,636 |
Cumberland | TN | 2035 | 2,600 |
Gallatin | TN | 2035 | 1,255 |
Kingston | TN | 2035 | 1,700 |
Marshall | NC | 2035 | 1,996 |
Shawnee | TN | 2035 | 1,750 |
Jim Bridger | WY | 2037 | 2,441 |
Gibson | IN | 2038 | 3,340 |
Belews Creek | NC | 2039 | 2,160 |
Iatan | MO | 2039 | 1,725 |
Jeffrey | KS | 2039 | 2,160 |
La Cygne | KS | 2039 | 1,599 |
Rush Island | MO | 2039 | 1,242 |
Comanche | CO | 2040 | 1,636 |
J. H. Campbell | MI | 2040 | 1,540 |
Monroe | MI | 2040 | 3,280 |
Ladabie | MO | 2042 | 2,389 |
Petersburg | IN | 2042 | 2,147 |
James E. Rogers | NC | 2049 | 1,481 |
Noticeably, most of the coal plant closures are targeted in the Midwest (which uses the most coal for power). And most of the retirements are coming early, with the 2020s seeing more than half of announced closures and retired capacity (53.6 GW).
But the largest coal plants with announced retirement dates are currently scheduled for the 2030s and 2040s. That includes Duke Energy’s Gibson power plant in Indiana, the fifth largest coal plant in the U.S. and the largest with a retirement date.
What’s Next for U.S. Decarbonization?
Though it seems like the U.S. has a lot of coal plant closures announced, there’s a lot left to go.
The 98.3 GW of tracked coal plant closures is just 45% of U.S. coal electricity production in 2020. Though many utilities have talked about eventually assessing and planning retirements for some of the remaining 55%, no concrete plans have been announced yet.
“In our industry, deciding to exit coal-fired power is not taken lightly,” said Omaya Ahmad, Sustainability Policy Consultant at Arizona Public Service. “Our coal plants are often the oldest in our fleet and are largely the reason our service territories have grown and flourished into what they are today. However, the pressures presented by climate change and the economic demands tied to coal have required a commitment to transition to clean energy.”
Coal Plant Closures Are Part of a Larger Equation
But as Ahmad explains, turning off coal plants is not such a quick-and-easy fix.
“Such a transition will be a lofty undertaking and will not come without its own challenges,” said Ahmad. “Recognizing the regional transition landscape and timeline depicted on a map like this one will help utilities adequately prepare for and support their coal communities as we all take steps to reach a clean energy economy.”
And coal plants are just one part of the decarbonization equation. Some utilities are opting to transform coal power plants into natural gas plants, which are more cost-efficient and emit less than coal. Even though many utilities and consumers are turning away from carbon emitting fuel sources entirely, there are more than 200 new natural gas plants planned in the U.S.
But the big question is how the generated electricity from coal will be replaced. Communities that rely on coal for power (and economic strength) will have to turn to natural gas or work on renewables capacity, while others have already started the transition.
National Public Utilities Council is the go-to resource for all things decarbonization in the utilities industry. Learn more.
Energy
Charted: Home Heating Systems in the U.S.

Charted: Home Heating Systems in the U.S.
This was originally published on April 25, 2022, on Elements.
Fossil fuel combustion for the heating of commercial and residential buildings accounts for roughly 13% of annual greenhouse gas emissions in the United States.
Decarbonizing the U.S. economy requires a switch from fossil fuel-combusting heating solutions to renewable energy sources that generate electricity.
Currently, the majority of new homes in the U.S. still combust natural gas for heating through forced-air furnaces or boilers. Just like cars need to be electric, homes will need to switch to electricity-powered heating systems that use renewable energy sources.
The graphic above uses census data to break down the different heating systems and fuels that are warming the 911,000 single-family homes built in the U.S. in 2020.
Types of Home Heating Systems
Most American homes use one of the following three heating systems:
- Forced-air Furnaces: These typically have a burner in a furnace that is fueled by natural gas. A blower forces cold air through a heat exchanger which warms it up before it flows through ducts that heat the home with air as the medium.
- Heat Pumps: The most common type of heat pumps are air-source heat pumps, which collect hot air from outside the home and concentrate it before pumping it through ducts that heat the air inside. They are usually powered by electricity. During warmer months, heat pumps can reverse themselves to cool the home, transferring hot air from the inside to the outdoors.
- Hot Water/Steam: These systems typically work by boiling water (or generating steam) to the appropriate temperature using gas and sending it through a home’s pipes to radiators that heat the air.
How Home Heating Fuels Have Changed
U.S. home heating has been going through a transition over the last two decades. Electricity has steadily been replacing gas and biofuel/wood-powered home heating systems for new homes, and powers almost half of the heating systems in single-family homes built in 2020.
Here’s how the share of heat sources for new houses changed between 2000 and 2020:
Fuel | 2000 % of Heating for New Homes | 2020 % of Heating for New Homes |
---|---|---|
Gas | 70% | 55% |
Electricity | 27% | 45% |
Other | 4% | 1% |
Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding.
While electricity’s share has grown since 2000, most American homes are still heated with gas largely because of the fossil fuel’s affordability.
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), households relying on gas for space heating are expected to spend an average of $746 over the winter months, compared to $1,268 for electricity, and $1,734 for heating oil.
Heating in Newly-Built Houses Today
Of the 911,000 new single-family homes, 538,000 houses installed forced-air furnaces. Of these, 83% or nearly 450,000 homes used gas as the primary heating source, with 16% opting for electrified furnaces. By contrast, 88% of the 353,000 homes that installed heat pumps relied on electricity.
Here’s how the heating systems and fuels break down for single-family homes built in 2020:
System Used | Houses Built in 2020 | % Powered by Gas | % Powered by Electricity | % Powered by Other |
---|---|---|---|---|
Forced-Air Furnace | 538,000 | 83% | 16% | <0.5% |
Heat Pump | 353,000 | 12% | 88% | 0% |
Hot Water/Steam | 8,000 | 89% | 5% | 7% |
Other/None | 12,000 | 12% | 41% | 47% |
Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding.
Fewer than 1% of new single-family homes used hot water or steam systems, and the majority of those that did relied on gas as the primary fuel. Around 1.3% of new homes used other systems like electric baseboard heaters, smaller space heaters, panel heaters, or radiators.
While gas remains the dominant heating source today, efforts to decarbonize the U.S. economy could further prompt a shift towards electricity-based heating systems, with electric heat pumps likely taking up a larger piece of the pie.
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