Decarbonization
Decarbonization Targets for the Largest U.S. Utilities
The following content is sponsored by the National Public Utilities Council
Decarbonization Targets for the Largest U.S. Utilities
This was originally posted on April 23, 2021, on Visual Capitalist.
The U.S. recently rejoined the Paris Climate Agreement and decarbonization is back on the minds of government officials and companies alike.
Though every sector plays a major role on the path to net zero carbon emissions, none are as impactful as the energy sector. In 2016, almost three-quarters of global GHG emissions came from energy consumption. With organizations looking to either curb energy consumption or transition to cleaner forms of energy, the pressure is on utilities to decarbonize and offer green alternatives.
How are U.S. utilities responding?
This infographic from the National Public Utilities Council highlights the decarbonization targets of the largest investor-owned and public U.S. utilities.
U.S. Utility Decarbonization Targets Through 2035
The American energy sector has many players, but the largest utilities account for the bulk of production.
For each state, we looked at the largest investor-owned and public electric utilities by retail sales as tracked by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Decarbonization targets were taken from each utility’s stated goals or sustainability report.
After narrowing down from 3,328 different entities and subsidiaries, the final list of 60 utilities accounted for 60% of U.S. energy sales in 2019 at just under 1.93 trillion MWh (megawatt hours).
Many companies on the list have multiple goals spread across different timeframes, but they can be grouped into a few distinct categories:
- Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions: These measures are either percentage-based or flat reductions, and also include becoming carbon neutral or “net zero” by balancing reduced emissions with carbon offsets.
- Reducing carbon intensity: These measures work on reducing the impact of electricity generated by fossil fuels, rather than reducing the amount directly.
- Increasing renewable energy production: These measures focus on adding renewable energy with a lower carbon footprint to the production mix and can be either percentage-based or flat additions.
- Increasing clean electricity production: These measures are centered around ensuring that electricity produced is 100% carbon free.
Utilities with decarbonization targets set for 2035 and earlier vary wildly in scope, from completely carbon neutral to minimal reductions.
Entity | State (Largest Provider) | Decarbonization Goal | Target Year |
---|---|---|---|
City of Seattle | WA | Carbon neutral | 2005 (since) |
ALLETE | MN | △50% Renewable energy | 2021 |
Exelon | DC, DE, IL, MD, NJ, PA | ▽15% GHG emissions | 2022 |
Otter Tail Power | ND | ▽30% CO2 emissions, △30% Renewable energy | 2022 |
Avangrid | CT, ME | ▽35% GHG emissions | 2025 |
Emera (Tampa Electric) | FL | ▽55% CO2 emissions | 2025 |
Green Mountain Power | VT | ▽100% CO2 emissions | 2025 |
NextEra Energy | FL | ▽67% CO2 emissions | 2025 |
NiSource | IN | ▽50% GHG emissions | 2025 |
NRG | TX | ▽50% CO2 emissions | 2025 |
Avista Corp | ID, WA | Carbon neutral | 2027 |
AES | IN | ▽70% Carbon intensity | 2030 |
Alliant | IA, WI | ▽50% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
Ameren | IL, MO | ▽50% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
American Electric Power | AR, KY, LA, MI, OK, OH, VA, WV | ▽70% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
Arizona Public Service | AZ | △65% Clean electricity | 2030 |
Black Hills | SD, WY | ▽40% GHG emissions | 2030 |
City of Colorado Springs | CO | ▽80% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
DTE Electric Company | MI | ▽50% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
Duke Energy | FL, IN, NC, OH, SC | ▽50% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
Entergy | AR, LA, MS | ▽50% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
Eversource | CT, MA, NH | Carbon neutral | 2030 |
FirstEnergy | MD, NJ, OH, PA | ▽30% GHG emissions | 2030 |
Green Mountain Power | VT | △100% Renewable energy | 2030 |
Long Island Power Authority | NY | ▽40% GHG emissions | 2030 |
MDU Resources | ND | ▽45% GHG emissions | 2030 |
National Grid | MA, NY, RI | ▽80% GHG emissions | 2030 |
NiSource | IN | ▽90% GHG emissions | 2030 |
NV Energy | NV | △50% Renewable energy | 2030 |
OGE Electric | OK | ▽50% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
Pacific Gas & Electric | CA | △60% Renewable energy | 2030 |
PacifiCorp | ID, OR, UT, WY | ▽60% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
PSEG | NJ | ▽13 million tons CO2 emissions | 2030 |
Puget Sound Energy | WA | Carbon neutral | 2030 |
Southern California Edison | CA | △60% Renewable energy | 2030 |
Southern Company | AL, GA, MS | ▽50% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
Tennessee Valley Authority | TN | ▽70% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
Vistra (TXU Energy Retail) | TX | ▽60% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
WEC Energy | WI | ▽40% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
Xcel Energy | CO, MN, ND, NM, SD | ▽80% CO2 emissions | 2030 |
Avangrid | CT, ME | Carbon neutral | 2035 |
Salt River Project | AZ | ▽65% Carbon intensity, ▽30% CO2 emissions | 2035 |
Tucson Electric Power | AZ | ▽80% CO2 emissions, △70% Renewable energy | 2035 |
It’s also important to note that carbon emission reductions are not equal across the board.
Reduction is traditionally based on a base-year measurement (usually 2000 or 2005) that changes for each utility, and a small reduction at a major energy producer can be more impactful than 100% clean energy at a small local utility.
U.S. Utility Decarbonization Targets 2040 and Beyond
From 2040 and beyond, the decarbonization efforts become more ambitious.
In line with many states and the federal government making sweeping clean energy commitments, most of the utility companies with decarbonization targets from 2040 to 2050 are aimed at either carbon neutrality or significant reductions.
For some companies these are their first and only targets, while others are building on smaller goals from earlier years. In the case of the few utility companies marked *N/A, a decarbonization target goal couldn’t be found.
Entity | State (Largest Provider) | Decarbonization Goal | Target Year |
---|---|---|---|
Ameren | IL, MO | ▽85% CO2 emissions | 2040 |
Black Hills | SD, WY | ▽70% GHG emissions | 2040 |
City of Colorado Springs | CO | ▽90% CO2 emissions | 2040 |
City of San Antonio | TX | ▽80% CO2 emissions | 2040 |
CMS Energy | MI | Carbon neutral, △90% Clean electricity | 2040 |
Consolidated Edison | NY | △100% Clean electricity | 2040 |
Emera (Tampa Electric) | FL | ▽80% CO2 emissions | 2040 |
Lincoln Electric System | NE | Carbon neutral | 2040 |
National Grid | MA, NY, RI | ▽90% GHG emissions | 2040 |
PNM Resources | NM | ▽100% CO2 emissions | 2040 |
Portland General Electric | OR | Carbon neutral | 2040 |
PPL | KY, PA | ▽70% CO2 emissions | 2040 |
Avista Corp | ID, WA | △100% Clean electricity | 2045 |
Hawaiian Electric Industries | HI | Carbon neutral, △100% Renewable energy | 2045 |
Idaho Power | ID | △100% Clean electricity | 2045 |
NorthWestern Energy | MT, SD | ▽90% Carbon intensity | 2045 |
Pacific Gas & Electric | CA | △100% Clean electricity | 2045 |
Puget Sound Energy | WA | △100% Clean electricity | 2045 |
Sempra | CA | △100% Clean electricity | 2045 |
Southern California Edison | CA | △100% Clean electricity | 2045 |
PSEG | NJ | ▽80% CO2 emissions | 2046 |
Alliant | IA, WI | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
Ameren | IL, MO | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
American Electric Power | AR, KY, LA, MI, OK, OH, VA, WV | ▽80% CO2 emissions | 2050 |
Arizona Public Service | AZ | △100% Clean electricity | 2050 |
City of San Antonio | TX | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
Dominion Energy | NC, SC, VA | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
DTE Electric Company | MI | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
Duke Energy | FL, IN, NC, OH, SC | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
Emera (Tampa Electric) | FL | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
Entergy | AR, LA, MS | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
Evergy | KS, MO | ▽80% CO2 emissions | 2050 |
FirstEnergy | MD, NJ, OH, PA | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
Long Island Power Authority | NY | ▽85% GHG emissions | 2050 |
National Grid | MA, NY, RI | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
NRG | TX | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
NV Energy | NV | △100% Clean electricity | 2050 |
Omaha Public Power District | NE | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
PacifiCorp | ID, OR, UT, WY | ▽80% CO2 emissions | 2050 |
PPL | KY, PA | ▽80% CO2 emissions | 2050 |
PSEG | NJ | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
Salt River Project | AZ | ▽90% Carbon intensity | 2050 |
Southern Company | AL, GA, MS | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
Vistra (TXU Energy Retail) | TX | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
WEC Energy | WI | ▽80% CO2 emissions | 2050 |
Xcel Energy | CO, MN, ND, NM, SD | Carbon neutral | 2050 |
MidAmerican Energy | IA, IL | △100% Renewable energy | N/A |
Cleco Power | LA | N/A | N/A |
ENMAX (Versant Power) | ME | N/A | N/A |
Nebraska Public Power District | NE | N/A | N/A |
PUD 1 of Snohomish County | WA | N/A | N/A |
Unitil Energy Systems | NH | N/A | N/A |
While the targets set above are significant, they are also a long time away from being met. With pressure to decarbonize increasing across the board, utility companies may need to reassess the impact or timeliness of their decarbonization targets.
The National Public Utilities Council is a collaborative body of industry experts coming together to solve decarbonization challenges in the power sector and the proud sponsor of the Decarbonization Channel.
Decarbonization
The 3 Building Blocks for a Decarbonized Power Sector
How can the U.S. achieve a 100% clean power sector? See the three key pillars of a decarbonized power sector in this infographic.

The 3 Building Blocks for a Decarbonized Power Sector
As part of the Paris Agreement, the U.S. has set goals to achieve a 50-52% reduction in emissions by 2030 and net-zero emissions by 2050.
To lay the foundation for these targets, the Biden Administration’s goal is to create a 100% clean power sector by 2035.
This infographic from the National Public Utilities Council shows why a clean power sector is essential for net-zero emissions and highlights the three building blocks needed to achieve it. This is part 2 of the Road to Net Zero series of infographics.
The State of U.S. Energy Use
Today, fossil fuels like oil and gas provide most of the energy used in the U.S. for transportation, heating, and industrial purposes.
For example, due to the prevalence of gasoline vehicles, petroleum accounts for 90% of the transportation sector’s energy consumption, with electricity making up less than 1% of the total.
Similarly, around 80% of the industrial sector’s energy needs are met with natural gas and petroleum. Meanwhile, the residential and commercial sectors use large amounts of natural gas for their space heating needs, along with electricity for other appliances.
With fossil fuels widespread in the U.S. energy mix, the fastest path to net-zero emissions is to electrify and decarbonize energy use in all sectors. This involves replacing technologies that use fossil fuels with those powered by electricity and a clean grid.
For instance, electric vehicles could transform the transportation sector’s energy consumption and reduce emissions. Additionally, electric heat pumps could replace oil and gas boilers in residential and commercial buildings.
However, for electrification to be effective in reducing emissions, decarbonizing the power sector and generating clean electricity is essential.
The Path to a Decarbonized Power Sector
Decarbonization calls for a transformation of the power sector, from one where fossil fuels generate 60% of total electricity to one dominated by clean energy and backed by an upgraded grid.
There are three foundational building blocks for the road to 100% clean electricity:
#1: Accelerate Clean Energy Deployment
With renewable energy now cheaper than fossil fuels, expanding solar- and wind-powered generation is key to replacing fossil fuels and reaching zero emissions.
According to Princeton University, for net-zero emissions by 2050, the U.S. needs to add more than 50 gigawatts of solar capacity annually from 2022 to 2035. That is significantly higher than the 13 gigawatts installed in 2021.
#2: Support Clean Energy with Grid Expansion
With the U.S. power grid aging, new high-voltage transmission capacity is essential for transporting electricity from remote solar and wind farms to centers of demand.
From 2013 to 2020, U.S. transmission capacity grew by just 1% annually. To align with the net-zero pathway, the pace of expansion needs to more than double through 2030.
Here’s how transmission expansion could affect U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as modeled by Princeton:
Transmission Expansion Rate | Projected GHG Emissions in 2030 | % Change in Emissions vs. 2021 |
---|---|---|
1% per year | 4.6 billion tonnes | -18% |
1.5% per year | 4.0 billion tonnes | -29% |
2.3% per year | 3.8 billion tonnes | -32% |
Source: Princeton University – Zero Lab
With a 2.3% annual growth in transmission capacity, U.S. GHG emissions could achieve a 32% reduction from the 5.6 billion tonnes emitted in 2021.
#3: Invest in Nuclear Power and Battery Storage
The intermittent nature and low reliability of wind and solar power generation pose a challenge for the energy transition.
Battery storage systems and nuclear power can solve the intermittency problem by supplying clean electricity when wind and solar generation falls.
For example, storage systems can store excess solar power that is produced during sunny periods of the day, and supply it in the evening when solar generation dips. Meanwhile, nuclear power plants can supply electricity around the clock, acting as a clean baseload power source.
Towards a Carbon-free U.S. Economy
New renewable capacity, transmission expansion, and reliable backup sources are key to unlocking a carbon-free power sector.
Together, these three building blocks form the foundation for economy-wide emissions reduction and net-zero emissions by 2050.
Clean Energy
The 30 Largest U.S. Hydropower Plants
Hydropower accounts for one-third of U.S. renewable power generation. Here are the 30 largest U.S. hydropower plants.

The 30 Largest Hydropower Plants in the U.S.
Did you know that the largest power plant in the United States is hydroelectric?
Hydropower is the second-largest source of U.S. renewable electricity generation and the largest source of power in seven different states.
The above infographic from the National Public Utilities Council charts the 30 largest U.S. hydropower plants and shows how droughts are starting to affect hydroelectricity. This is part one of two in the Hydropower Series.
Dam, That’s Large: U.S. Hydropower Plants by Generation
The top 30 hydropower plants account for around 50% of U.S. hydroelectric generation annually.
Hydropower plants are most prevalent in the Northwestern states of Washington and Oregon, jointly hosting 16 of the top 30 plants.
Plant Name | State | 2021 Avg. Net Electricity Generation (MWh) | % of Total Hydropower Generation |
---|---|---|---|
Grand Coulee | Washington | 19,550,777 | 7% |
Robert Moses - Niagara | New York | 14,186,130 | 5% |
Chief Joseph | Washington | 11,092,216 | 4% |
John Day | Oregon | 9,041,083 | 3% |
Robert Moses - St. Lawrence | New York | 6,906,420 | 3% |
The Dalles | Oregon | 6,613,185 | 2% |
Rocky Reach | Washington | 5,935,038 | 2% |
McNary | Oregon | 5,369,726 | 2% |
Wanapum | Washington | 4,820,651 | 2% |
Bonneville | Oregon | 4,659,483 | 2% |
Priest Rapids | Washington | 4,462,873 | 2% |
Wells | Washington | 4,153,466 | 2% |
Glen Canyon | Arizona | 3,772,010 | 1% |
Boundary | Washington | 3,730,184 | 1% |
Rock Island | Washington | 2,532,044 | 0.9% |
Wilson Dam | Alabama | 2,404,440 | 0.9% |
Lower Monumental | Washington | 2,240,264 | 0.8% |
Oahe | South Dakota | 2,181,664 | 0.8% |
Lower Granite | Washington | 2,171,590 | 0.8% |
Little Goose | Washington | 2,156,654 | 0.8% |
Brownlee | Idaho | 2,154,411 | 0.8% |
Libby | Montana | 2,122,863 | 0.8% |
Hoover Dam - NV | Nevada | 2,044,127 | 0.7% |
Garrison | North Dakota | 1,941,731 | 0.7% |
Shasta | California | 1,907,761 | 0.7% |
Hells Canyon | Oregon | 1,900,591 | 0.7% |
Conowingo | Maryland | 1,885,395 | 0.7% |
Dworshak | Idaho | 1,773,911 | 0.6% |
Hoover Dam - AZ | Arizona | 1,713,563 | 0.6% |
Noxon Rapids | Montana | 1,710,754 | 0.6% |
Total | N/A | 137,135,005 | 50% |
The Grand Coulee Dam in Washington is the country’s largest power plant. It generates over 19.5 million megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity annually and supplies it to eight states, including parts of Canada. Overall, 10 of the top 30 hydropower plants are in Washington.
The Robert Moses Power Plant is a close second, located around 5 miles downstream from Niagara Falls. Combined with the nearby Lewiston Pump Generation Plant, it is New York’s single-largest source of electricity.
While hydropower is a relatively reliable renewable power source, prolonged dry conditions can put it at risk. That is the case for both the Glen Canyon and Hoover Dams, which are no longer running at previous capacities.
Running Dry: Water Scarcity and Hydropower
The Southwestern U.S. has been in a “megadrought”—a prolonged drought lasting longer than two decades—since 2000. In fact, it has gotten so severe that the past 22 years mark the region’s driest spell in 1,200 years.
Consequently, many Southwestern reservoirs have below-average storage levels. When these levels fall below a certain threshold, hydropower plants can no longer generate power.
In particular, storage levels are precariously low at Lake Mead (Hoover Dam) and Lake Powell (Glen Canyon Dam), which supply most of Arizona’s hydroelectricity. They are also the two largest reservoirs in the country.
Here’s a look at how filled these reservoirs are as of Dec. 4, 2022:
Reservoir | Total Storage (acre ft) | Current Storage (acre ft) | % Full |
---|---|---|---|
Lake Mead (Hoover Dam) | 26,120,000 | 7,194,077 | 28% |
Lake Powell (Glen Canyon Dam) | 24,322,000 | 5,696,907 | 23% |
To put those figures into perspective, here’s an animation looking at Lake Powell’s surface area changes from 2018 to 2022:

Shrinking water levels at reservoirs threaten the reliability of hydropower and the millions of people that rely on it for electricity. As droughts become more frequent due to climate change, what does the future of hydropower look like?
Find out in Part 2 of the Hydropower Series, where we’ll dive deeper into how droughts are affecting dams and how hydropower fits into the bigger decarbonization picture.
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